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On August 1, 2012, Akihiko Matsui will take over as producer of FINAL FANTASY XI for Hiromichi Tanaka, who has produced the game since its launch a decade ago.
To commemorate this occasion, Mr. Tanaka and Mr. Matsui have respectively written a farewell and a greeting to the FINAL FANTASY XI community.
Read on for both of their addresses.
Greetings, everyone. It feels good to write to you once again.
As of August 1, 2012, I will be the new producer of FINAL FANTASY XI. While Mr. Tanaka?s shoes are certainly big ones to fill, I am confident I will eventually be able to do so with the support of the many talented people on the FFXI team.
FINAL FANTASY XI has undergone some radical changes since I left the project two years ago, and although I obviously expected it to evolve in my absence, the degree of change is overwhelming. I will definitely need to familiarize myself with the current state of the game as fast as possible if I want to be effective at this new position.
Thinking back to when I wrote, ?I wanted to stay on the development team to the very end,? for a FFXI tenth anniversary book, I had never in my wildest dreams thought I would be able to assume the role of producer. Therefore, please allow me to write this down in hopes that it comes true in the same way that tenth anniversary message did: I will work as hard as possible to protect the integrity of FINAL FANTASY XI and to honor the opinions of its community so that the players may continue to love this game as they have for the past decade.
On that note, I had best get started checking the official forums every day.
I look forward to working with XI again, and may your words of encouragement give me the motivation to continue to do my best.
Akihiko Matsui
After coming here day after day, year after year, this is my last day at SQUARE ENIX.
A little over one month has passed since I announced my departure at Vanafest, but even now I can scarcely believe the time has come. I?ll have to make sure not to accidentally show up for work tomorrow out of habit.
Although my time on this project has come to a close, I know that all the developers and project staff will give their utmost under the guidance of Mr. Matsui to expand the world of Vana?diel, and, in particular, to develop the new lands of Adoulin. I can sleep soundly knowing the game is safe in their hands.
Though I will be leaving for new pastures without SQUARE ENIX, I hope to continue to contribute to the future of the gaming industry and online gaming, even if only in a small way. Thank you very much for your support all these years.
Hiromichi Tanaka
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The Inanda Club in Sandton hosted the Inanda Africa Cup 2012 from 20 to 22 July. The ?2012 knock out event invited representative players from Nigeria and host players from Polo Africa (a South African development side) and South Africa.All 10 competitive sides displayed their prowess over a thrilling three days, with the finale being held at a star studded event on Sunday, 22 July.
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Here are some of the famous spotted at the event:
Basetsana Kumalo with Shakes and Sonia Sedibe.
Winnie Modise and friend
The battle of the Sonias. Sonia Sedibe and Sonia Motaung
Getting a kiss from Pearl Thusi
Idols host Proverb with Shaldon Kopman
Leroux Hendrix and Ole Ledimo
Nandi Mngoma
Lalla Hirayama and her boo, Chris.
Gert Johan Coetzee and Melinda Shaw
Faye Peters and David Tlale
TV Presenter Dineo Moeketsi
Proverb interviewing Dineo for All Access
David Tlale
Craig Jacobs and Dion Chang
Claire Mawisa and a friend?
Bridget and Thabiso Khati
A gorgeous day with gorgeous people in gorgeous outfits. Countdown to Inanda Africa Cup 2013 starts now?
?
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Google has released the official Android 4.1 factory images for a handful of Nexus devices. On its developers blog last Friday, the company posted the factory image files for the Galaxy Nexus, Nexus S, and Nexus 7. Keep in mind that the CDMA variants of the Nexus S and Galaxy Nexus are not officially supported at the moment, therefore the factory images are not available.
These files should make device modifications quite a bit easier and less stressful, as you can roll back to the factory state. You can head over to the Google Developer blog to download the files for yourself.
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An experiment to study the effects of microgravity on fish will bring 32 medakas, a small fish native to Southeast Asia, to the International Space Station in October.
The above image shows an Aquatic Habitat, or AQH, specimen chamber housing Medaka fish for study on the International Space Station during the Expedition 33/34 mission in 2012.
JAXA
EnlargeWhen the next Russian-built Soyuz capsule launches to the International Space Station in October, it will deliver three new crewmembers to the orbiting outpost. But the trio of spaceflyers will be sharing their ride with some special cargo: 32 small fish for a science experiment at the space lab.
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NASA astronaut Kevin Ford and Russian cosmonauts Evgeny Tarelkin and Oleg Novitskiy are scheduled to launch to the International Space Station on Oct. 15 from the Baikonour Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Their Soyuz TMA-06M capsule will also be carrying 32 medaka fish ? a type of fish native to Southeast Asia ? to the orbiting complex.
"They'll be on our Soyuz with us ? 32 fish, plus the three of us," Ford told reporters in a news briefing Thursday (July 26).
The medakas will become part of an experiment carried out on the station to investigate the effects of microgravity on fish. The astronauts aboard the outpost will monitor changes in the fish as they live in orbit. [7 Everyday Things that Happen Strangely In Space]
"When we come onboard, one of the first items will be to get these fish transferred and into their habitat and get the experiment underway," Ford explained.
The fish will stay in a special aquatic habitat that is being delivered to the space station by a robotic Japanese cargo freighter. The Japanese unmanned H-2 Transfer Vehicle-3, or HTV-3, launched into orbit on July 20, and arrived at the space station today (July 27).
Scientists are particularly interested in how the skeletal systems of fish change in the near weightless environment aboard the space station, said Julie Robinson, an International Space Station program scientist.
It has long been known that exposure to microgravity for extended periods of time can carry negative consequences, including loss of muscle and bone density. To prevent lasting harmful effects, space station astronauts adhere to rigorous exercise regimens, and doctors on the ground closely monitor their health.
But experiments such as the one with medaka fish do not hold potential benefits for only spaceflyers. The results of these types of studies can have far-reaching effects on Earth, too.
"It's an experiment, essentially, for osteoporosis," Ford explained.
The lessons learned from studying the skeletal systems of fish in space can inform scientists on the ground about how bones degrade over time here on Earth. This type of scientific research is part of what inspired the motto for this space station-bound crew: From the Earth, for the Earth.
"The idea is that the space station is up there for everybody, and even though it's essentially 15 countries that put [forward] their resources, it's really there for everybody on the planet."
But for Ford, Tarelkin and Novitskiy, the medaka fish will also be their companions for the thrilling journey to the International Space Station.
"I won't have my 'gone fishing' hat, though," Ford joked.
Follow Denise Chow on Twitter @denisechow?or SPACE.com @Spacedotcom. We're also on Facebook?and Google+.
Copyright 2012 SPACE.com, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Afinitor? (everolimus) tablets* (approval represents the first major advance for US patients with advanced HR+ breast cancer since aromatase inhibitors were introduced more than 15 years ago[1]) for the treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer (advanced HR+ breast cancer) in combination with exemestane after failure of treatment with letrozole or anastrozole[2]. "Afinitor is the first and only treatment that boosts the effectiveness of endocrine therapy, significantly extending the time women with advanced breast cancer live without tumor progression," said Gabriel Hortobagyi, MD, Chair of Breast Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. "This approval redefines the treatment and management of advanced hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, offering a critical new option for physicians and patients."
Each year, an estimated 220,000 women globally will be diagnosed with advanced HR+ breast cancer, the most common form of the disease[2],[3]. In the United States, nearly 40,000 people are expected to be newly diagnosed with advanced breast cancer this year alone[4]. Approximately 70% of all invasive breast cancers are positive for HR expression at the time of diagnosis[3].
The approval was based on a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center trial called BOLERO-2 (Breast cancer trials of OraL EveROlimus-2), which evaluated 724 postmenopausal women with advanced HR+ breast cancer with recurrence or progression following prior therapy with letrozole or anastrozole[2].
This pivotal Phase III study found that treatment with Afinitor plus exemestane more than doubled median progression-free survival (PFS) to 7.8 months, compared to 3.2 months with exemestane alone (hazard ratio=0.45 [95% Cl: 0.38 to 0.54]; p= 30%) were stomatitis, infections, rash, fatigue, diarrhea and decreased appetite[2]. The most common grade 3-4 adverse reactions (incidence >= 2%) were stomatitis, infections, hyperglycemia, fatigue, dyspnea, pneumonitis and diarrhea[2].
"The approval of Afinitor in advanced breast cancer marks a very proud day for the breast cancer community and Novartis. We are bringing a highly-effective treatment to women and their physicians who are in need of new approaches in the battle against this disease," said Herv? Hoppenot, President, Novartis Oncology. "This milestone is a result of an extensive collaboration with researchers around the world who have helped study Afinitor in advanced breast cancer, as well as the more than 700 women who participated in the trial."
While endocrine therapy remains the cornerstone of treatment for these women, most will eventually develop treatment resistance[5]. Therapeutic resistance has been associated with overactivation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway[5]. Afinitor targets the mTOR pathway, which is hyperactivated in many types of cancer cells. mTOR is a protein that acts as an important regulator of tumor cell division, blood vessel growth and cell metabolism[5].
Marking the fifth indication for Afinitor, this is the first FDA approval for an mTOR inhibitor in the treatment of advanced HR+ breast cancer in the United States[3]. Afinitor is also being studied in HER2-positive breast cancer in two ongoing Phase III trials. On June 21, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion for Afinitor in the HR+/HER2-negative population[6]. Additional regulatory submissions are being reviewed by health authorities worldwide.
About Advanced Breast Cancer
Advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer (advanced HR+ breast cancer) is comprised of metastatic breast cancer (stage IV) and locally advanced breast cancer (stage III)[7]. Metastatic breast cancer is the most serious form of the disease and occurs when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the bones or liver[7]. Locally advanced breast cancer occurs when the cancer has spread to lymph nodes and/or other tissue in the area of the breast, but not to distant sites in the body[7].
It is estimated that women with metastatic breast cancer have a life expectancy of approximately 18-36 months after diagnosis[8], and median survival for women with stage III disease is less than five years[9].
Advanced HR+ breast cancer is characterized by hormone receptor tumors, a group of cancers that express receptors for certain hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone. Cancer cell growth can be driven by these hormones[7]. The presence of estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PgR) is one of the most important predictive and prognostic markers in human breast cancers, and is collectively referred to as hormone receptor-positive.
About Afinitor (everolimus)
Afinitor? (everolimus) tablets is approved in more than 80 countries including the United States and throughout the European Union in the oncology settings of advanced renal cell carcinoma following progression on or after vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-targeted therapy, and in the United States and European Union for locally advanced, metastatic or unresectable progressive neuroendocrine tumors of pancreatic origin.
Everolimus is also available from Novartis for use in non-oncology patient populations under the brand names Afinitor? or Votubia?, Certican? and Zortress? and is exclusively licensed to Abbott and sublicensed to Boston Scientific for use in drug-eluting stents.
Indications vary by country and not all indications are available in every country. The safety and efficacy profile of everolimus has not yet been established outside the approved indications. Because of the uncertainty of clinical trials, there is no guarantee that everolimus will become commercially available for additional indications anywhere else in the world.
Afinitor? Important Safety Information
Afinitor?/Votubia? can cause serious side effects including lung or breathing problems, infections, and renal failure, which can lead to death. Mouth ulcers and mouth sores are common side effects. Afinitor/Votubia can affect blood cell counts, kidney and liver function, and blood sugar and cholesterol levels. Afinitor/Votubia may cause fetal harm in pregnant women. Highly effective contraception is recommended for women of child-bearing potential while receiving Afinitor/Votubia and for up to eight weeks after ending treatment. Women taking Afinitor/Votubia should not breast feed.
The most common adverse drug reactions (incidence >= 15%) are mouth ulcers, diarrhea, feeling weak or tired, skin problems (such as rash or acne), infections, nausea, swelling of extremities or other parts of the body, loss of appetite, headache, inflammation of lung tissue, abnormal taste, nose bleeds, inflammation of the lining of the digestive system, weight decreased and vomiting. The most common grade 3-4 adverse drug reactions (incidence >= 2%) are mouth ulcers, feeling tired, low white blood cells (a type of blood cell that fights infection), diarrhea, infections, inflammation of lung tissue, diabetes and amenorrhea. Cases of hepatitis B reactivation and blood clots in the lung and leg have been reported.
About Novartis
Novartis provides innovative healthcare solutions that address the evolving needs of patients and societies. Headquartered in Basel, Switzerland, Novartis offers a diversified portfolio to best meet these needs: innovative medicines, eye care, cost-saving generic pharmaceuticals, preventive vaccines and diagnostic tools, over-the-counter and animal health products. Novartis is the only global company with leading positions in these areas. In 2011, the Group achieved net sales of USD 58.6 billion, while approximately USD 9.6 billion (USD 9.2 billion excluding impairment and amortization charges) was invested in R&D throughout the Group. Novartis Group companies employ approximately 126,000 full-time-equivalent associates and operate in more than 140 countries around the world.
Novartis is on Twitter. Sign up to follow @Novartis at http://twitter.com/novartis.
* Known as Votubia? (everolimus) tablets for certain patients with SEGA associated with TSC in the European Union and Switzerland.
1. Redmond C. Breast Cancer Hormone Therapy Options. Available at: http://christine-redmond.suite101.com/breast-cancer-hormone-therapy-options-a197304. Accessed April 27, 2012.
2. Novartis Data on File.
3. Buckley N, Isherwood A. Breast Cancer. Decision Resources, March 2011.
4. Dobrescu, Andrei. Study of Estrogen Receptor and Progesterone Receptor Expression in Breast Ductal Carcinoma In Situ by Immunohistochemical Staining in ER/PgR-Negative Invasive Breast Cancer. May 9, 2011. Available at: http://www.isrn.com/journals/oncology/2011/673790/. Accessed on April 9, 2012.
5. Baselga, J. Everolimus in Postmenopausal Hormone-Receptor-Positive Advanced Breast Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. February 9, 2012.
6. European Medicines Agency. Summary of Opinion for Afinitor. June 21, 2012.
7. National Cancer Institute. What You Need to Know About Advanced Breast Cancer. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/breast/WYNTK_breast.pdf. Accessed on March 8, 2012.
8. Eniua A, Palmierib F and Perez E. Weekly Administration of Docetaxel and Paclitaxel in Metastatic or Advanced Breast Cancer. The Oncologist, 2005.
9. Giordano, S. Update on Locally Advanced Breast Cancer. The Oncologist, 2003.
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'Dateline NBC,' the signature broadcast for NBC News in primetime, premiered in 1992. Since then, it has been pioneering a new approach to primetime news programming. The multi-night franchise, supplemented by frequent specials, allows NBC to consistently and comprehensively present the highest-quality reporting, investigative features, breaking news coverage and newsmaker profiles.
Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032600/vp/48249315#48249315
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Colorado shooting suspect James Eagan Holmes booby-trapped his apartment with wires and incendiary devices. Bomb experts are trying to figure out the best way to proceed so that they can search the apartment without triggering an explosion. NBC's Pete Williams reports.
By Miranda Leitsinger, NBC News
AURORA, Colo. -- Neighbors of the man accused of firing into a packed movie theater outside Denver, killing 12 and injuring 58, carried bags and baskets filled with clothes, Bibles and toiletries after police briefly let them return home late Friday while they worked to determine if he booby-trapped his apartment.
Lavonne Bradshaw, 52, who has lived in the neighborhood for one year, carried her light brown ringneck dove ?Bonzo? in a large cage. The bird was left behind when police officers evacuated her and her two daughters around 5 a.m.
?The next thing I knew the whole SWAT team, everybody was out there,? she told NBC News. ?We pretty much grabbed what we can and we went out.?
Bradshaw said authorities told them they had to leave because there could be a possible incendiary device set up by the suspect, James Holmes, who lived across the street and who she had seen a few times.
Aurora police said Holmes booby-trapped his apartment with an elaborate network of wire-connected bottles containing unknown liquids, perhaps intended to go off when authorities arrived to canvass his home.
Holmes told police about the trap before they arrived, however, and investigators hadn't entered the apartment Friday night. They were analyzing gases and examining photographs of the scene to figure out how to deal with the materials and had decided to defer any action until Saturday at the earliest.
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It?s not clear when Bradshaw or her neighbors will be able to go back home. She was going to stay with her brother for the night, while other neighbors said they planned to rent motel rooms though a school was set up as a shelter.
In the rush to leave her apartment, Bradshaw also left behind needles for her diabetes treatment. She carried that along with Bonzo?s food late Friday. Others toted toothbrushes and clothes. One man carried his uniform for his work in passenger services at the airport.
?It?s unbelievable, and it?s just very sad,? Bradshaw said. ?This community here, everyone knows each other, we know people that were at the theater ? and my son was going to watch the movie but had a change of plans ? of which I?m glad.?
Several people gathered on a corner down the street from where Holmes lived said they wanted to move.
?That man is crazy,? said Brenda Luna, a 26-year-old who works as a hotel supervisor and lived in the same building as Holmes. She said she was very frightened and would leave her place in a month.
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Officers were stationed at New York theaters and elsewhere in the country where "The Dark Knight Rises" was playing. NBC's Anne Thompson reports.
Sitting near her on the grass, Jesus Arteaga, 34, said he grabbed shoes, a set of clothes and a Bible when police let him into his apartment for a few minutes. His roommate, Leonardo Felix, who works in roofing, questioned if he could sleep well when they were allowed to return.
?We have to move, we have to leave that place,? said Felix, 52, noting that he worried ?maybe other people will come around here and do the same? as Holmes.
Jimmy Davis, a 54-year-old airport worker, carried his uniform on a hanger and a toothbrush in his shirt pocket late Friday. He said he slept on a cot in a police training building where some evacuees were initially taken.
He said he wouldn?t have any qualms returning home: ?This is where I live.?
Bradshaw also said she wouldn?t have a problem returning.
?I?d just like to be home, of course ? but, you know, I want to make sure it?s safe,? she said, as sirens wailed in the distance.
Suspect James Eagan Holmes reportedly never said a word while allegedly shooting 71 people and killing 12 in a sold-out showing for Batman movie "The Dark Knight Rises." Colorado Governor John Hickenlooper said it was "the act of a very deranged mind." NBC's Miguel Almaguer reports.
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At this point, after strong hints and even patents, a Canon mirrorless camera is all but certain. The only question is what it'll look like and how it'll compete with Micro Four Thirds shooters like the Olympus E-M5 and Samsung's APS-C NX range. The image above may at least help to answer the first part of that question, as it shows an unknown model called the EOS M which indeed looks every inch like a thin and lightweight mirrorless ILC. The image was reportedly leaked by retail sites and captured by Digicame-info, while MirrorlessRumors notes the presence of an entirely new mount: the EF-M -- which may mean that Canon is moving away from the inbetween sensor size it used in the G1 X and possibly towards full APS-C. An official announcement is expected on July 23rd, so we'll know plenty more then.
Filed under: Digital Cameras
Leaked EOS M photo looks like Canon's long-awaited mirrorless camera originally appeared on Engadget on Fri, 20 Jul 2012 03:03:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.
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Digicame-info | Email this | CommentsSource: http://www.engadget.com/2012/07/20/canon-eos-m-possible-leak/
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You can't blame 'em for trying, but it's no surprise that Samsung's second attempt to put a hold on the impending American ban of its Galaxy Tab failed. Judge Koh has already say the preliminary injunction could not wait while the Korean company pursued an appeal, and now the Court of Appeals is backing her up. To make matters worse, the court has also refused to expedite the appeal process, potentially prolonging the time the flagship slates are missing from the shelves. Now Sammy will just have to wait for the trial to start on July 30th and hope for a victory, or go back and redesign its tablets to look less like an iPad. We hear that triangles might be the ticket.
Continue reading Samsung denied a second time, Galaxy Tab ban stands
Filed under: Tablet PCs
Samsung denied a second time, Galaxy Tab ban stands originally appeared on Engadget on Fri, 20 Jul 2012 14:04:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.
Permalink |The Register | Email this | CommentsSource: http://www.engadget.com/2012/07/20/samsung-denied-a-second-time-galaxy-tab-ban-stands/
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Finally, we?ve taken the step to modify the body into that amazing, washboard and muscled body physique. But before we can get into that, it is important to know that muscle mass building requires doing several activities and converging them together to achieve that hot and sexy form. With that in mind, one important thing to do is establishing a great and solid bodybuilding session. So how to build muscle fast when it comes to deciding how long, how often and how intense the sessions will be? Read through this post to find the best solution!
Are you one of those types who are affected with the conventional wisdom if you pass all of your time at the gym, the muscle growth will be a whole lot swifter and better? Re-examine, shoving your own body too much can be counterproductive. As well as, it could be rather overpowering if you think regarding the possibility of devoting all those several hours training. You?d most certainly finally end up quitting before you even start the specific program. If you wish to optimize your muscle building routine, it?s suggested to perform strong, yet quick exercise sessions. Hurrying the whole muscle building process is not an altogether advisable strategy on how to build muscle fast.
Why is that so? Well, it?s considering that not every one of us could very well adjust to this kind of challenge and pressure to our bodies. At the beginning, your muscles are still weak and easily prone to injuries. Hence, it is wise to condition them beforehand in order to stabilize them well. In that way, you?d be reducing likelihood of muscle damage when you do your techniques.
Plus, you need to make sure that your body has enough rest every after training. Structure it to a maximum of three times a week and put at least a day or two for quality downtime in the middle of it. By doing so, you won?t just provide a terrific amount of time for the body to repair fortify those worn-out muscle groups, you?d be allowing new muscles to grow and build-up.
To do that, schedule your muscles building activities up to 3 times every week and get allow a day or two in between that is devoted exclusively to relaxation. The reason is this is that muscle building can wear out your muscles so it?s great that you give the body enough time to mend and fortify those that were injured. Plus, getting enough rest ensures optimal growth of new muscles.
Therefore, to make the most out of your training, structure short yet intense sessions. So how to build muscle fast with such a limited time? A great strategy is to add compound exercises into your technique. These kind of exercises provide you a full body workout a great deal faster simply because it seeks to energize a range of muscle tissues to get working in the action. Now with significantly more muscles positioned to carry out the work, the muscle building activity is definitely more intensive and you?re certain to get shredded so much speedier.
So in summary, a rudimentary manner in on how to build muscle fast is to format your bodybuilding course appropriately. It must be suitably paced in accordance to your current fitness level to ensure prime adjustment and growth. Rushing the whole process will only be detrimental. Always stay motivated and dedicated and sure enough, you?d get that ripped and shredded body in no time.
Ready to transform all that flab into that molded and jaw-dropping muscled form? Get free tips on how to build muscle fast to get the process underway! Check us out at http://www.howtobuildmusclefast.net/
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Most individuals have a passing knowledge with what Yoga is, or assume they know about what it sets out to achieve. However until you?ve got tried Yoga it is unattainable to know whether or not you may have the kind of persona that may actually excel under it?s influence. Yoga, quite merely generally is a life changing expertise and the discipline and psychological strength that outcome from it may well completely change your perspective and world view.
Bikram showed that to get the best advantages from the train a wholesome and nicely balanced physique was important. Where the body is weak Bikram Yoga will have much less affect in the healing process, which relies on correct steadiness and circulation.
The founder of Bikram Yoga was Bikram Choudhury, a yoga practitioner and innovator. After a weightlifting accident Bikram Choudhury was decided to get well and set about investigating the therapeutic capability of working towards sure kinds of exercise. The outcome was Bikram Yoga, which so many individuals found to be an effective method of therapeutic that it?s tenants had been recorded and passed on as a new form of Yoga. Those who practise Bikram Yoga purely for it?s healing advantages are plentiful, but there?s also a robust holistic element, which is a key reason behind using Bikram Yoga for a lot of of those who are common users.
Yoga positions amazingly relieve sciatica. These are some pain that cannot be prevented. In the event you do yoga infrequently and even usually, perhaps you will not feel any again or muscle pain.
Here are some methods on the best way to maintain a good yoga position. Simply comply with these steps so as so that you can totally perceive yoga positions and be capable of execute it in the proper manner.
1. You should stand with the bases of your huge toes touching and the heels ought to be barely apart. You will need to elevate and unfold your toes slowly and the balls of your feet too. Then after, you must lay them softly down on the floor. Rock yourself backwards and forwards and even aspect to side. Chances are you?ll gradually scale back this swaying to take care of a standstill, along with your weight balanced evenly on your feet.
2. Hardening your thigh muscle tissues after which lifting the knee caps is next. Do it with out hardening your lower belly. Elevate the inner ankles to make stronger the inner arches, then picture a line of vitality all the best way up alongside your inner thighs as much as your groins. From there by means of the core of your neck, torso, and head, and out by means of the crown of your head. It?s best to flip the upper thighs slowly inward. Make your tailbone longer towards the floor and raise the pubis in the direction of the navel.
3. Push your shoulder blades into your again, then broaden them crossways and discharge them down your back. With out roughly pushing your lower front ribs forward, carry the highest of your sternum straight toward the ceiling. Broaden your collarbones. Suspend your arms alongside the torso.
4. It is best to balance the crown of your head unswervingly over the middle of your pelvis, with the base of your chin analogous to the floor, throat mushy, and the tongue broad and plane on the floor of your mouth. Make your eyes look softer.
5. Tadasana is usually the initial yoga place for all of the standing poses. Making use of Tansana is beneficial particularly in making use of the poses. Staying within the pose for 30 seconds up to 1 minute, then breathing simply keeps it satisfactory.
Go to the No Nonsense Muscle Constructing Evaluate Web page for extra help and recommendation on how http://www.empowernetwork.com/webtraffictoolkit/blog/no-nonsense-muscle-building-review/ might help you in your health and health goals this year.
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WeatherBug manages and operates its own weather network that pin points weather conditions in your neighborhood like no other weather service can!
WeatherBug Tracking Stations provide live weather information. Other weather companies' "live" data is often an hour or more old.
Along with the National Weather Service alerts, WeatherBug issues additional more localized alerts.
Source: http://web.live.weatherbug.com/Common/home.aspx?zcode=z6286&zip=60115&units=0&rnd=Obs071920120300
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Love has always eluded you, but now, you are given a chance at true love. Will you forever be left alone,watching everyone around you be in love? Or is it time for you to find love?REMAKE!
Owner:
Game Masters:
This topic is an Out Of Character part of the roleplay, ?The Chance At Romance?. Anything posted here will also show up there.Topic Tags:
Forum for completely Out of Character (OOC) discussion, based around whatever is happening In Character (IC). Discuss plans, storylines, and events; Recruit for your roleplaying game, or find a GM for your playergroup.Since there are five spots for girls and five for guys, I suppose that lesbian/gay characters really wouldn't fit in?
I'm completely open to the idea seeing that i'm bisexual myself,I just copyed and pasted everything from my Co-Gm's verison. I'll add it,two guys or two girls?
Sorry. Hello BleedingLover~ I would like a guy character~ (especially gay plz)
Kidding,sure reseved
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Not all divorces are ugly. Some exes mediate instead of hiring pit bull attorneys, sit comfortably together at their kids' school performances and maintain the same rules in each household.
Child support is paid on time. Neither parent speaks ill of the other in front of the children. Timeshares are flexible to support children's changing needs as they grow.
These types of exes genuinely want their kids to have a good relationship with the other parent. And bottom line: they get tired of being angry and get on with their lives.
To borrow from Nora Ephron, "In my next life I must get one of those divorces." Nine years after we split up, my ex still thrives on anger and revenge -- despite getting all the property, the timeshare he wanted, essentially full custody of one of our children and finding a legal way not to pay child support. He's remarried to a nice, accomodating woman, and the two of them globe-trot and hobnob to their hearts' content.
What, then, does he have to be angry about? Nothing! My ex, like most high-conflict personalities, isn't happy unless he has a target. While I certainly could have, and should have, handled some post-divorce issues better, my behavior isn't really the issue. His anger isn't about me; it's about his need to be in control and to rip me into teeny-tiny pieces. He will never, ever change.
Friends and family want to comfort those in the cross-hairs of a high-conflict ex, so they offer conventional wisdom. They believe they're dispensing sound advice because they're reasonable people and it doesn't occur to them that not everyone is capable of being reasonable.
These well-meaning statements often have the opposite effect than is intended. Instead of offering hope, the conventional wisdom sound bytes minimize the reality of those of us who are stuck with high-conflict exes.
I have compiled a list of 7 things never to say to someone going through a gnarly divorce. If you know anyone extricating herself from a union with Attila the Hun, please consider deleting these comments from your reservoir of comforting phrases.
1. She'll Get Over it When She Gets a Boyfriend/Remarries
No, she won't! For the hostile ex, a new beloved will not lessen her animosity towards her former partner. The new partner will become the template for All That is Good, further cementing the former partner's status as the template for All That is Bad. Often, the ex convinces the new love that the former partner is evil/incompetent/dangerous and the new boyfriend jumps on the slash-and-burn bandwagon.
2. Just use a Parenting Coordinator. My sister/cousin/next-door neighbor had one of those and they were able to resolve all their co-parenting problems.
This statement makes it sound like getting an effective PC is as easy as asking for an iced soy latte at Starbucks. In the state where I live, for example, a judge cannot enforce the use of a parenting coordinator. That means if one party wants to be collaborative, and the other party doesn't want to cede control to anyone, there will be no PC. The other problem with this statement is the presumption that a Parenting Coordinator will make things better. There are effective Parenting Coordinators and there are burned-out Parenting Coordinators, who can make a bad situation even worse.
3. Of course he has to pay child support! My sister/cousin/next-door neighbor took her ex back to court and the judge ordered the court to garnish his wages.
Again, a statement brewed in the tea bags of Reason and Fairness. People who are determined to avoid paying child support are crafty. They render themselves unemployable, yet have access to separate funds from wealthy family or significant others. Further, if they work for themselves, or their income is erratic, there are no steady paychecks from which to garner.
4. You should go to court and get full custody. Mothers always get full custody! Besides, the judge will see that he doesn't have the kids' best interests at heart.
It's a myth that mothers "always" get primary custody. One mother I know went to court recently because her ex-husband was petitioning for 50-50 custody in order to lower child support. She had clearly documented his lack of interest in the children as well as his questionable parenting techniques. The result? The judge didn't even read her pleadings and ordered 50-50 custody because he believed fathers should have joint custody. The trial was over in five minutes.
There are many reasons less-fit parents gain custody: they're charming; they're rich and can bleed the other parent dry in legal fees; custody evaluators fall for allegations of false abuse; alienated parents don't always present well due to being traumatized. Bottom line: being a mother does not guarantee that a woman will get primary custody.
5. Don't let the obnoxious things she tells your kids get to you! They'll figure out the truth eventually.
This depends on the degree of bad-mouthing. Even conscientious exes utter snarky comments about the other parent once in awhile. These garden-variety slips are entirely different from relentless, derogatory statements intended to destroy the other parent's reputation and relationship with the children. In these instances, some children don't "figure it out," ever. And the ones who do often don't get it until they're adults and are able to form their own opinions.
My son wasn't able to talk about the things his dad said about me until he went to wilderness camp and got support from his therapists. Now we're able to acknowledge the elephant in the room but our relationship will never be the same. Parental Alienation (PA) expert Richard Warshak offers great advice on how to address PA with children. And targeted parents should. Although he may intend to take the high road, not addressing a hostile ex's slanderous remarks can make a targeted parent appear guilty.
6. Keep all his nasty e-mails, then go to court and the judge will make him stop writing you.
My attorney once told me, "You don't go to family court to get justice. You go to get answers." And sometimes the answers suck. Egregious behaviors are often minimized. Emotional abuse is slippery, subjective, and difficult to prove. Hostile exes can be wily and persuasive in the courtroom. Where I live, family court cases are backlogged due to budget cuts. Judges are more interested in addressing big-ticket items like child abuse and moveaway orders than cyber-bullying. And even if the judge does order an end to e-mail contact, an ex who tends to defy rules will likely just find other, craftier ways to torment the former spouse.
7. You're giving him way too much power! Sure, he's a jerk, but what can he really do to hurt you?
A lot, actually. Dealing with a relentless, toxic ex is financially, emotionally and physically draining. Being unable to save your children from the collateral damage is devastating. Yes, exes can and should limit contact with a high-conflict ex as much as possible, but they will still have to deal with shenanigans until the children turn eighteen. Telling the target of a high-conflict ex to just man up invalidates his experience.
So what should you say? Say less. Listen more. Don't judge. Ask your friend how she's found the strength to make it through the fire. In this teaching moment, you're not the teacher -- you're the student.
?
Follow Pauline Gaines on Twitter: www.twitter.com/divorcedpauline
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This essay continues a dialogue that started with Steve Pinker's essay titled "The False Allure of Group Selection" published on Edge.org. All readers are invited to comment at the end of this essay. In addition, professional evolutionists are invited to provide more extensive comments on the Social Evolution Forum.
Thomas Kuhn (1970) forever changed the conception of science with his notion of paradigms. Before, science was often seen as a relatively straight path to the truth through the repeated formation and testing of hypotheses. What could be simpler?
Kuhn observed that scientists sometimes get stuck viewing a topic a certain way. Their particular configuration of ideas is capable of a limited degree of change through hypothesis formation and testing, but cannot escape from its own assumptions in other respects. This makes the replacement of one paradigm by another a complex and uncertain process.
A clash of paradigms is currently taking place for evolutionary theories of social behavior. In this corner, multilevel selection theory (MLST), a configuration of ideas that began with Darwin and has maintained a degree of continuity, in addition to a degree of change, up to the present. In that corner, inclusive fitness theory (IFT), which can also claim roots in Darwin and has also changed while remaining true to a core set of ideas.
The most recent battle between the two paradigms began when Edward O. Wilson, one of the most celebrated living evolutionists, became a vocal proponent of MLST and started to denounce the utility of IFT. Those who are familiar with Wilson's work know that he has been receptive to MLST all along (read his chapter on group selection in Sociobiology (1975) for details). I should know, because he sponsored the publication of my first article on group selection in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 1975 and we have co-authored a number of more recent articles together, including the comprehensive "Rethinking the Theoretical Foundation of Sociobiology" published in the Quarterly Review of Biology in 2007. Wilson's more recent "conversion" was notable less for his acceptance of MLST than his rejection of IFT as a useful paradigm. He was joined by the eminent mathematical biologist Martin Nowak (along with his young-career colleague Corina Tarnita) in a major article in Nature, and elaborated on his views in his most recent book The Social Conquest of Earth.
Proponents of IFT could not take this assault on their paradigm lying down. The responses to the article in Nature included one with 137 co-authors (Abbott et al. 2010). Richard Dawkins wrote a spirited review of Wilson's book in Prospect magazine and Steven Pinker wrote an essay for Edge.org titled "The False Allure of Group Selection". The twenty commentaries (including one by myself) following Pinker's essay provide a fascinating snapshot of the clash between the two paradigms.
Before continuing, I want to stress that the clash between MLST and IFT departs from the Kuhnian notion of paradigms in at least two respects. First, in the major examples discussed by Kuhn, one paradigm eventually collapses and is replaced by the other. Nobody talks about pre-Copernican views of the universe anymore. Even though proponents of MLST and IFT sometimes write as if the other paradigm has or will collapse, there is a strong sense in which a collapse of one paradigm shouldn't be expected. Instead, the two paradigms are like different languages, such as Russian and English, a metaphor that I will elaborate upon below.
Second, Kuhnian paradigms are thought to be incommensurate, such that people who think in terms of one truly cannot see the world in terms of the other. In the case of MLST and IFT, some proponents fit this description but others can easily grasp both paradigms and acknowledge the utility of one, even if they have a preference for the other. I count myself among them as a proponent of MLST who acknowledges the utility of IFT, along with David Queller, a proponent of IFT who acknowledges the utility of MLST. The language metaphor is apt: For people who speak only a single language, another language appears confusing and redundant. People who have become bilingual can easily toggle between two languages and have no wish for one to replace the other.
Queller and I are not alone. There is a sizeable community of evolutionists who are bilingual with respect to MLST and IFT. If anything deserves to collapse in the clash between these two paradigms, it the unilingual position that only one paradigm deserves to exist. When unilinguals become bilingual, the so-called "group selection controversy" will be over.
Diagnosing the claim that one paradigm is confusing and unproductive
The current battle between proponents of MLST and IFT include claims that one's non-preferred theory is confusing, inconsistent, unproductive and adds nothing to one's preferred theory. Here is a sample of quotes from MLST proponents criticizing IFT.
"Yet, considering its position for four decades as the dominant paradigm in the theoretical study of eusociality, the production of inclusive fitness theory must be considered meagre....Inclusive fitness theory is only another method of accounting, one that works for very restrictive scenarios and where it works it makes the same predictions as standard natural selection theory. Hence, there are no predictions that are specific to inclusive fitness theory. (Nowak et al., 2010)."
"Equations seemed to arise out of nowhere in kin selection... Moreover, the concept of "relatedness" seemed to morph and change over time ...Casting a problem in terms of inclusive fitness is like having to undergo elaborate and time-consuming initiations to join an elite club, only to end up with nothing in the way of privileges (Nowak and Highfield 2011)."
"Much of the inadequacy of the theory comes from looseness in the definition of r, hence the very concept of kinship, in various interpretations of the Hamilton inequality....the only unifying theme seemed in time to be that r, originally defined by pedigree, is whatever it takes to make Hamilton's inequality work. The inequality thereby lost meaning as a theoretical concept, and became all but useless as a tool for designing experiments or analyzing comparative data (E.O. Wilson 2012)."
Proponents of IFT protested en masse against these statements, but here is what some of them have to say about MLST.
"The first big problem with group selection is that the term itself sows so much confusion. People invoke it to refer to many distinct phenomena, so casual users may literally not know what they are talking about. (Pinker 2012)."
"The first and deepest problem with this debate is that the term group selection does not have any single fixed meaning, but has been used over the last half century to convey a huge and tangled thicket of different and conflicting meanings. The great majority of these are seriously defective as a way of describing reality. (Cosmides 2012)."
"'Group selection', even in the rare cases where it is not actually wrong, is a cumbersome, time-wasting, distracting impediment to what would otherwise be a clear and straightforward understanding of what is going on in natural selection. (Dawkins 2012)."
"Models of group selection are either mathematically equivalent to those based on kin selection but less tractable, or are so nebulous that they can't be analyzed at all. Further, claims that kin selection is less useful than group selection in understanding nature are simply wrong. (Coyne 2012)."
The symmetry of these complaints strongly suggests the existence of two paradigms. Each paradigm is an internally consistent configuration of ideas with explanatory power for those who use the paradigm. But viewing the world from within one paradigm makes the other paradigm appear confusing, unproductive, and so on. The authors of these statements write as if their criticisms are true in some absolute sense, when in fact the criticisms are only true for the authors in a relational sense. That's what the basic phenomenon of paradigms is all about.
Why the two paradigms are incommensurate
For readers who are unfamiliar with MLST and IFT, here is a brief description of why they are so incommensurate with each other. To begin, they define basic terms such as "individual selection" and "altruism" in different ways. For MLST, individual selection is defined in terms of relative fitness within groups. A trait is altruistic when it benefits others or the group as a whole and decreases the fitness of the altruist, relative to other members of its own group. For IFT, direct individual fitness is defined in absolute terms. A trait is altruistic when it benefits others or the group as a whole and decreases the absolute fitness of the altruist. The term "group selection", which plays a key role in MLST, does not exist within IFT. The term "inclusive fitness", which plays a key role in IFT, does not exist within MLST.
The differences between the two theories are sufficiently great that W.D. Hamilton regarded MLST as a failed theory and developed IFT to explain the evolution of altruism without invoking group selection. Briefly, his method involved calculating the effect of an altruistic act on the absolute number of copies of the altruistic gene that are identical by descent. The same altruistic act benefits copies of the non-altruistic gene and copies of the altruistic gene that are not identical by descent, but these effects can be ignored because they do not alter the frequency of the altruistic gene in the gene pool. Only effects on genes that are identical by descent produce evolutionary change. Given the assumptions of the model, Hamilton's rule gives the conditions for the spread of the altruistic gene in the gene pool.
Given the same assumptions, it is possible to calculate the relative fitness of the altruistic gene within and among groups. Consider a group of relatives that are socially interacting with each other. Some are altruistic and others are not. We don't keep track of genes that are identical by descent. Instead, we calculate the effect of the altruistic act on the frequency of the altruistic gene within the group of relatives. The altruistic gene is at a selective disadvantage within the group. The only way for the altruistic gene to evolve in the total gene pool is if groups with more altruists contribute more to the gene pool than groups with fewer altruists.
Both methods employ the same assumptions and make the same predictions about when the altruistic gene evolves in the total population, but they seem so different that even their developers were confused about their equivalence. The history of their confusion is well known to scholars but deserves to be more widely known among the general public. The first MLST model of altruism in family groups was by George and Doris Williams and was published in the journal Evolution in 1957. Hamilton published his IFT model in 1963 in The American Naturalist and 1964 in the Journal of Theoretical Biology. All of these are top journals and it is silly to claim that either formulation is confusing in some absolute sense. Hamilton was unaware of the Williams & Williams paper in the development of his own theory. George Price developed a MLST model that partitioned natural selection into within- and between-group components, which was first published in the journal Nature in 1970. It was more general and elegant than the Williams & Williams model and could be applied to family groups in addition to many other kinds of groups. Only when Hamilton encountered the Price equation did he fully appreciate the equivalence between IFT and MLST, as he described in a paper published in 1975. This history is recounted for a general audience by the historian of science Oren Harman in his book The Price of Altruism (2010), and recently summarized by Eric Michael Johnson (2012), who blogs for Scientific American, in the context of the current clash.
1975 was also the year that I published my first article on group selection in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, with E.O. Wilson as the sponsoring editor. One of my contributions was to define the concept of a trait-group. Groups do not exist in any absolute sense; instead, they are typically defined in reference to particular activities or traits. This is true in everyday language (e.g., my nation, my school, my church, my bowling club) and it is also true for evolutionary models of social behavior. A model for the evolution of warning calls will define the group as the set of individuals within earshot of each other. A model for the evolution of resource conservation will define groups as the set of individuals who compete for the same resource. Mathematically, whenever the fitness of an individual is influenced by other individuals, it must be defined by a function f(N,p), where N and p reflect the number and genetic composition of the group influencing the focal individual's fitness. All models of social behavior must define the grouping that is appropriate for a particular trait, which is the trait-group for that model.
My second contribution was to show that when trait-groups are examined from a multilevel perspective, the core claim of group selection is often correct. In other words, traits can evolve in the total population even when they are selectively disadvantageous within groups. This result was in contrast to the prevailing belief that higher-level selection is almost invariably weak compared to lower-level selection. Fancy math was not required to draw this conclusion. A simple algebraic model was sufficient. My model was less general than the Price equation, but both models made the same point.
Ed Wilson was cautious about publishing my paper in PNAS. After all, acceptance of group selection was at its low ebb and he would appear foolish if there was something wrong with my argument. He therefore had it thoroughly reviewed by theoretical biologists, who examined my argument from stem to stern before deciding that it was correct. That was 37 years ago, and still the clash between the two paradigms continues. To give a sense of proportion, 37 years represents 24% of the history of Darwinian thought, starting with the publication of Origin of Species. If that's not an example of incommensurability, what would be?
How Equivalence Changes the Concept of Paradigms
MLST and IFT provide outstanding examples of paradigms in terms of their incommensurability, but now it is important to clarify why they depart from the concept of paradigms in other respects. In the examples that Kuhn described, such as the Copernican revolution, one paradigm (the view that the earth is the center of the solar system) is eventually replaced by the other (the view that the sun is the center of the solar system). There was a right and wrong about the matter, even though the rejection of the false paradigm was not smooth.
In the case of MLST and IFT, neither paradigm is wrong in the way that the pre-Copernican view of the solar system was wrong. Instead, they parse the conceptual space in different ways but reach the same conclusion on right-and-wrong issues such as when a given altruistic behavior evolves in the gene pool. Different metaphors are employed to describe their equivalence, such as "accounting methods", "languages", or "perspectives".
All three of these metaphors are apt in their own ways. Imagine creating a spreadsheet to organize your finances. In some ways it is useful to organize your expenditures in terms of date. In other ways it is useful to organize them in terms of categories such as food, business, and so on. Both are equally correct and deserve to coexist because they are useful for different purposes. In the same way, MLST accounts for gene frequency change in the total population by creating the categories "within-group selection" and "between-group selection". The IFT method creates the categories "genes identical by descent" vs. "genes that represent a random draw from the gene pool". Neither is wrong and they deserve to coexist if they are useful for different purposes.
Different languages are not equivalent at the level of single words; if they were, then translating between languages would be easy. Instead, different languages parse the world in different ways. The concept represented by a single word in one language can require a treatise to understand in a different language. If the entire world spoke a single language, then a precious form of diversity would be lost. Nevertheless, it is possible to translate among languages and gifted translators are admired almost as much as the authors that they translate. If MLST and IFT are like different languages, then each can offer unique insights by parsing the evolutionary process in different ways, even though the insights from one can be translated into the other language.
Finally, imagine that you are planning to ascend a mountain with a friend. As you survey its contours, certain features are difficult to make out from where you are standing. It makes sense for your friend to stand in a different spot so that you can collectively get a better view of the mountain's contours. MLST and IFT might offer different perspectives on the same evolutionary process, in the same way that you and your friend offer different perspectives on the same mountain.
All of these metaphors help to explain how two scientific paradigms such as MLST and IFT can be different yet worthy of coexistence, a combination that goes beyond the traditional concept of paradigms. Against this background, it is interesting to revisit some of the arguments quoted above, which are intended by proponents of one paradigm to drive the other paradigm extinct.
Consider the argument that a given paradigm is confusing. I am confused by Russian, but that's my problem, not a problem with the Russian language. My confusion will cease as soon as I learn Russian. When we view paradigms as like languages, the "confusion" criticism becomes no criticism at all.
Or consider the argument that every result derived from one paradigm can also be derived from the other paradigm. This is expected for different accounting systems, languages, and perspectives, but it ignores the advantages inherent in their differences. If I need to tally my business expenses, an accounting system organized by date will be cumbersome, even though it might be possible. A given result that emerges easily from one perspective might be opaque from another perspective and only derivable in retrospect. The inter-translatability criticism becomes no criticism at all.
Finally, consider the argument that a given paradigm changes over time. Both paradigms have changed profoundly over the decades. For IFT, the interpretation of r became generalized beyond genealogical relatedness. For MLST the interpretation of groups became generalized. These changes are regarded as progress within each paradigm and are only confusing to those who don't speak the language. The "always changing" criticism becomes no criticism at all.
In short, the current clash between proponents of MLST and IFT is primarily a clash between people who are fluent in one paradigm and confused by the other paradigm, which they falsely attribute to the other paradigm in some absolute sense. This is like saying "Russian is confusing", rather than "Russian is confusing for a non-Russian speaker such as myself." They also expect that their paradigm will triumph over the other paradigm, in the same way that the Copernican view triumphed over the pre-Copernican view. Replacement is not expected for accounting systems, languages, or perspectives, and it shouldn't be expected for MLST and IFT.
Listen to the Bilinguals
The metaphors of paradigms as like accounting systems, languages, and perspectives are apt in another respect. They all imply that a single person can master more than one paradigm. It is possible to organize your financial records by date and by category. It is possible to be bilingual. And a single climber can view a mountain from different locations. These stand in contrast to the standard view of paradigms, which implies that incommensurability is inescapable.
Many evolutionists are fluent in both MLST and IFT, a fact that is sometimes obscured by the chest-thumping rhetoric of unilinguals. Here is a sample of comments by bilinguals who responded to Steven Pinker's essay:
"Modern group selection theory is as mathematically rigorous as individual selection or inclusive fitness theory. I say this despite being someone who favors the inclusive fitness approach and whose entire career has been based on it. I think of these less as alternative theories that make different predictions than as two different languages describing the same world. They simply divide up fitness in slightly different ways - inclusive fitness into effects on self versus others, and multilevel selection into between-group and within-group parts - and a simple partition of fitness should not alter predictions (Queller 2012)."
"As with other kinds of dynamic processes, models of genetic evolution can be built many different ways. The issue of "group selection" revolves around the choice of an accounting system: how does one wish to track fitness or changes in gene frequencies. In many cases (though not all), the exact same process can be represented and developed using quite different evolutionary accounting systems [1-3]. These accounting systems include (1) individual fitness, (2) inclusive fitness, and (3) multi-level or "group" selection (Henrich 2012)."
"The first misconception here is the view that group selection is incompatible with kin selection. It is not. Kin selection says that the fitness of an individual depends on the genes of his kin and not just his own genes. Group selection says the fitness of an individual depends on the characteristics of the group he is in, not just his own genes (Gintis 2012)."
For these and many other evolutionists, toggling back and forth between MLST and IFT has become normal science, with no need for chest-thumping rhetoric. The choice of theory is simply a matter of choosing the best tool for the job.
The coexistence of paradigms does not mean that everyone is entitled to their own opinion on important empirical claims. As with the standard view of science, many hypotheses are just plain wrong and both paradigms must come to an agreement in rejecting them. Consider the central claim of MLST, which is that prosocial traits can evolve even when they are selectively disadvantageous within groups. The only way to evaluate this claim is by comparing gene frequency change within groups to gene frequency change in the total population. MLST is designed to make this comparison, like an accounting system designed for a certain purpose. IFT is not designed to make this comparison. Even though it includes the same information, it is like an accounting system organized by a different set of categories than those called for. Work is required to re-organize the information, but when this is done, IFT must come to the same conclusion as MLST, or else one of them is wrong.
In the current battle among unilinguals, this kind of empirical inquiry is a civilian casualty. To pick E.O. Wilson's Social Conquest of Earth as an example, he makes a number of important empirical claims about the evolution of eusociality, in general and in relation to our own species, which he frames in terms of MLST. Bilinguals know that the same claims can be examined from an IFT perspective and that the two paradigms must ultimately come to the same conclusions. Yet, this inquiry has been largely halted by the chest-thumping rhetoric over which paradigm is the right one.
Beyond Group Selection
This essay is about two paradigms but it also stretches the concept of paradigms to include some that deserve to coexist rather than replacing each other. The metaphors of paradigms as accounting systems, languages, and perspectives are relevant to other topics in science, in addition to the group selection. In fact, Pinker's essay is notable for addressing another topic--cultural evolution--in ways that have nothing to do with group selection. Once again, he defends a certain configuration of ideas as the only right one and disparages other configurations as confusing, unproductive, and changing. The possibility that he might be like a non-Russian speaker who blames the language for being confusing doesn't occur to him. All scientists and intellectuals, indeed all people, need to become multi-lingual to avoid this kind of error.
References
Abbott, P., Abe, J., Alcock, J., & al., et. (2010). Inclusive fitness theory and eusociality. Nature, 471, E1-E4. doi:doi:10.1038/nature09831
Coyne, J. (2012). The problem with group selection. http://edge.org/conversation/the-false-allure-of-group-selection
Dawkins, R. (2012). The Descent of Edward Wilson. Prospect. http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/edward-wilson-social-conquest-earth-evolutionary-errors-origin-species/
Dawkins, R. (2012). "Group selection" is a cumbersome, time-wasting distraction. http://edge.org/conversation/the-false-allure-of-group-selection
Gintis, H. (2012). On the evolution of human morality. http://edge.org/conversation/the-false-allure-of-group-selection
Hamilton, W. D. (1963). The Evolution of Altruistic Behavior. American Naturalist, 97, 354-356.
Hamilton, W. D. (1963). The Evolution of Altruistic Behavior. American Naturalist, 97, 354-356.
Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behavior: I and II. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 1-52.
Hamilton, W. D. (1963). The Evolution of Altruistic Behavior. American Naturalist, 97, 354-356.
Harman, O. (2010). The Price of Altruism: George Price and the Search for the Origins of Kindness. New York: Norton.
Henrich, J. (2012). Too late: models of cultural evolution and group selection have already proved useful. http://edge.org/conversation/the-false-allure-of-group-selection
Johnson, E.M. (2012). The Good Fight. http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/primate-diaries/2012/07/09/the-good-fight/
Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed.). Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
Nowak, M. A., Tarnita, C. E., & Wilson, E. O. (2010). The Evolution of Eusociality. Nature, 466, 1057-1062.
Nowak, M.A., & Highfield, R. (2011). SuperCooperators: Altruism, Evolution, and Why We Need Each Other to Succeed. New York: Free Press.
Pinker, S. (2012). The False Allure of Group Selection. http://edge.org/conversation/the-false-allure-of-group-selection
Queller, D. (2012). Two languages, one reality. http://edge.org/conversation/the-false-allure-of-group-selection
Tooby, J. (2012) Genic selection and adaptationism: are we moving forward or back? http://edge.org/conversation/the-false-allure-of-group-selection
Williams, G. C., & Williams, D. C. (1957). Natural selection of individually harmful social adaptations among sibs with special reference to social insects, 11, 32-39.
Wilson, D. S. (1975). A Theory of Group Selection A Theory of Group Selection, 72(1), 143-146.
Wilson, D. S., & Wilson, E. O. (2007). Rethinking the theoretical foundation of sociobiology. Quarterly Review of Biology, 82, 327-348.
Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: the new synthesis. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press .
Wilson, E. O. (2012). The Social Conquest of Earth. New York: Norton.
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